Photo: Three learners outside the chemical toilets at Dzivhani Primary School in Thohoyandou, Limpopo. Photograph: Chris Gilili
Twelve years after the explosion of public outrage over pit latrines in schools, many Limpopo schools still have inadequate sanitation.
While most pit latrines have been demolished, hundreds of schools now depend on badly maintained, rented chemical toilets. Where toilet blocks have been constructed, these are often inadequate for the school’s needs.
Until fairly recently, many schools used pit latrines – unsafe, unhygienic and sometimes deadly. There was a nationwide outcry in 2014 after five-year-old Michael Komape drowned in a pit toilet at Mahlodumela Primary School in Chebeng village, Limpopo.
In 2018, following a legal battle led by NGO Section 27, a High Court landmark judgement declared that the failure to provide safe sanitation at schools violated learners’ constitutional rights to dignity, equality and basic education.
The court issued an order to compel the national and provincial basic education departments to urgently eradicate all pit toilets in Limpopo schools and to provide proper sanitation facilities.
Eight years on, more than 800 of the 3 800 schools in Limpopo still do not have sanitation blocks, , according to the Department of Education (DET). And among schools where toilets have been built there are many complaints of inadequate or unsafe facilities.
Pit latrines have largely been demolished – although there is evidence that they still exist in certain rural places, such as Ga Mashashane. Lukhanyo Vangqa, spokesperson for the national DBE, said that the eradication of pit latrines identified in the SAFE Initiative audit of 2018 is now 99% complete, though he said that some schools might have slipped through the net of the audit and might still be using pit toilets.
“Limpopo had one outstanding school on the SAFE Initiative List. This list is from the 2018 audit. It may not account for pit toilets that may have come up post the audit, or schools that may have got new toilets but decided not to break down the old pit toilets, or even schools that may have been missed by the audit,” said Vangqa.
He said the DBE has requested provinces to conduct their own infrastructure condition assessments, and that the funding for these assessments is “being released” to provincial authorities.
“Once that conditional assessment is done, it will indicate the extent to which pit toilets still exist.”
Where toilet blocks have been constructed, these are often inadequate for the school’s needs, and some schools have been renting mobile chemical toilets, also unsatisfactory, as an expensive stopgap for years.
Why the delays? Limpopo’s provincial education spokesperson Mike Maringa agreed that renting mobile chemical toilets is costly and should only be temporary, but said that the construction of proper toilets, although recommended, is “a process”.
Meanwhile, learners remain at risk. To take just one example, in the past year the department has spent R110 745 on the rental and maintenance of mobile toilets at Mabila primary school, in a village 60 kilometres from Thohoyandou.
Mabila Primary has 130 learners who for years have had to share four chemical toilets, two for girls and two for boys. Such facilities are supposed to be serviced and cleaned every few days, but in March this year the Mabila toilets remained unemptied for more than three weeks, when the service provider could not reach the school because heavy rains had made the road impassable.
Rotshidzwa Maluga, chairperson of the school’s governing body, said it was a dire situation. “The poor kids were suffering. They were sitting on top of faeces and urine for weeks.”
Things are about to get even worse. There are plans to merge Mabila Primary with nearby Ngalavhani Primary, which will result in more than 250 learners sharing four mobile toilets. The proposed merger perversely means that plans to build proper toilet blocks have been put on hold indefinitely
Maluga said he was informed by DBE officials that the decision whether and when to construct hygienic toilets will not be taken until after the two schools are combined.
“The matter is now with district education officials. All we can do is wait for instruction,” he said. “It is frustrating that there nothing we can do, while the kids suffer from the bad stench coming from these toilets. Also, the wind sometimes blows these toilets down and teachers have to try and lift them up again.”
The irony is that construction of toilet blocks at Mabila Primary was all set to commence. Tons of bricks were delivered to the school last year, with the promise that these were for the imminent building of new toilets. Nothing has since happened, and Maluga says the unused and unsecured piles of bricks now pose a safety threat to learners.
These bricks were allegedly donated by the Mvula Trust, a non-governmental organisation which aims to provide sustainable water solutions and dignified sanitation to rural and peri-urban communities. This organisation has been contracted by the DBE to run the Accelerated Schools Infrastructure Delivery Initiative (ASIDI), aimed at eliminating school infrastructure backlogs.
When Maluga contacted the Mvula Trust to ask why construction had not commenced at Mabila, he was told that the plan was on hold because “the person who authorised the building of our toilets passed away. We told them about the danger of all those bricks lying around and they said we can use them for anything.”
Dakalo Mudzielwana, chief financial officer for the Mvula Trust, said the planned construction of toilets at Mabila Primary had been abandoned because the DBE cancelled the contract.
“Please ask the DBE why they cancelled,” he said.
Speaking for the DBE on this matter, Maringa said that the pit latrines at Mabila Primary School were demolished in 2024, and the provincial department was instructed to rent mobile chemical toilets while waiting for budget approval for the construction of proper sanitation blocks.
He did not comment on the bricks already supplied by the Mvula Trust, saying only that the plans to merge the two primary schools had caused the delay.
“The consultations are ongoing. So the department will not build new toilets for the school until this process has been finalised,” said Maringa.
Mudzielwana said that the Mvula Trust is “contracted by the Department to construct a certain number of sanitation facilities per annum depending on budget availability. Since 2013, we have constructed toilets in more than 3 000 schools in Limpopo province. We plan to build sanitation facilities for 201 more schools during 2026/2027, and another 128 during 2027/2028.”
Another school still waiting for adequate sanitation is Dzivhani Primary, about 15 minutes outside Thohoyandou. In 2023, the Limpopo DBE ordered the demolition of 10 dangerous and unhygienic pit latrines at the school. Since this was carried out, the school’s almost 300 learners have had to queue constantly to use six rented mobile chemical toilets: three for girls and three for boys.
Todani Makhado, principal of Dzivhani Primary, said the DBE promised him that building of new toilets would commence within a few months after the pit latrines were demolished. “It has been three years and we are still waiting on that promise. Some schools have been told what their budget is and when they can expect construction to start. In my case, I remain in the dark while my learners are suffering every single day.”
Construction delays and insufficient temporary chemical toilets are not the only issues. In some cases, toilets built by the Mvula Trust – funded by the Department of Education – are inadequate and/or not repaired or maintained.
Frank Mukhaswakule Primary School in Mashau is a case in point. The dangerous and derelict old pit latrines were broken down and burnt by protesting residents in 2018. In 2021, new toilets were finally built, but, says school principal Elizabeth Mashau, eight toilets are not nearly enough for a school that has more than 500 learners. Some of these toilets are now broken and there is also no running water for learners to wash their hands.
Mashau said that apart from needing more toilets and for taps to be provided, her school needs funds for the cleaning, repair and maintenance of sanitation facilities.
Although on paper Limpopo schools have improved their track record in the area of sanitation, these examples show that in practice a lot more attention needs to be paid to the allocation, disbursement and overseeing of funds for the construction of sufficient and properly equipped school toilets. Until then, learners will continue to suffer the indignities and health hazards of poor alternatives.This report has been produced by the Southern Africa Accountability Journalism Project (SA | AJP), an initiative of the Henry Nxumalo Foundation with the financial assistance of the European Union. It can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the EU.